CodeIgniter - Framework PHP Ringan dan Mudah

Dipublikasikan pada 15 Januari 2024 • ⏱️ 45 menit baca

Prasyarat: Pastikan Anda sudah memahami PHP dasar, OOP, dan konsep MVC sebelum mempelajari CodeIgniter.

Apa itu CodeIgniter?

CodeIgniter adalah framework PHP yang ringan dengan footprint kecil, dibuat untuk developer yang ingin toolkit sederhana dan elegan untuk membuat aplikasi web full-featured.

Keunggulan CodeIgniter

🚀 Ringan dan Cepat

Framework yang sangat ringan dengan performa tinggi.

📚 Mudah Dipelajari

Sintaks yang sederhana dan dokumentasi yang jelas.

🎯 MVC Pattern

Menggunakan pola Model-View-Controller yang terstruktur.

🔧 Konfigurasi Minimal

Sedikit konfigurasi yang diperlukan untuk memulai.

📦 Libraries Lengkap

Built-in libraries untuk task umum seperti database, email, session.

🔒 Security

Fitur keamanan built-in seperti XSS filtering, CSRF protection.

CodeIgniter vs Framework Lain

Aspek	CodeIgniter	Laravel	Symfony
Learning Curve	Mudah	Sedang	Sulit
Performa	Sangat Cepat	Cepat	Cepat
Footprint	Ringan	Berat	Berat
Fitur	Cukup	Lengkap	Sangat Lengkap

Instalasi CodeIgniter

Prasyarat Sistem

PHP >= 7.4
Web server (Apache/Nginx)
Database (MySQL/PostgreSQL/SQLite) - opsional

1. Download Manual

# Download dari official website
# https://codeigniter.com/download

# Extract ke web server directory
unzip CodeIgniter-4.x.x.zip
mv CodeIgniter-4.x.x/ my-codeigniter-app/

2. Instalasi via Composer

# Buat project CodeIgniter baru
composer create-project codeigniter4/appstarter my-codeigniter-app

# Masuk ke direktori project
cd my-codeigniter-app

# Jalankan development server
php spark serve

3. Konfigurasi Environment

Copy file env menjadi .env:

cp env .env

Edit file .env untuk konfigurasi:

# Ubah environment ke development
CI_ENVIRONMENT = development

# Base URL aplikasi
app.baseURL = 'http://localhost:8080'

# Database configuration
database.default.hostname = localhost
database.default.database = ci4_db
database.default.username = root
database.default.password = 
database.default.DBDriver = MySQLi

4. Menjalankan Aplikasi

# Menggunakan built-in server
php spark serve

# Atau dengan port custom
php spark serve --port=8000

# Akses di browser: http://localhost:8080

Struktur Direktori CodeIgniter 4

codeigniter-project/
├── app/                    # Application folder
│   ├── Config/            # Configuration files
│   ├── Controllers/       # Controllers
│   ├── Database/          # Migrations, Seeds
│   ├── Filters/           # Request filters
│   ├── Helpers/           # Custom helpers
│   ├── Libraries/         # Custom libraries
│   ├── Models/            # Models
│   ├── Views/             # View templates
│   └── Common.php         # Common functions
├── public/                # Public folder (web root)
│   ├── index.php         # Front controller
│   ├── css/              # CSS files
│   ├── js/               # JavaScript files
│   └── images/           # Image files
├── system/                # Framework core files
├── tests/                 # Unit tests
├── vendor/                # Composer dependencies
├── writable/              # Writable files (cache, logs, session)
│   ├── cache/            # Cache files
│   ├── logs/             # Log files
│   └── session/          # Session files
├── .env                   # Environment configuration
├── composer.json          # Composer configuration
└── spark                  # Command line tool

Direktori Penting

app/ - Berisi seluruh kode aplikasi Anda
public/ - Document root web server, berisi index.php
system/ - Core framework (jangan dimodifikasi)
writable/ - Direktori yang dapat ditulis oleh aplikasi

Autoloading

CodeIgniter 4 menggunakan autoloading PSR-4:

{
    "autoload": {
        "psr-4": {
            "App\\": "app/"
        }
    }
}

Model-View-Controller (MVC)

CodeIgniter menggunakan pola MVC untuk memisahkan logic aplikasi:

1. Controller

File: app/Controllers/Home.php

<?php

namespace App\Controllers;

class Home extends BaseController
{
    public function index()
    {
        $data = [
            'title' => 'Welcome to CodeIgniter',
            'message' => 'Hello World!'
        ];
        
        return view('welcome_message', $data);
    }
    
    public function about()
    {
        $data = [
            'title' => 'About Us',
            'content' => 'This is about page'
        ];
        
        return view('about', $data);
    }
    
    public function contact($name = null)
    {
        if ($name) {
            $data['message'] = "Hello, " . esc($name);
        } else {
            $data['message'] = "Hello, Guest";
        }
        
        return view('contact', $data);
    }
}
?>

2. Model

File: app/Models/UserModel.php

<?php

namespace App\Models;

use CodeIgniter\Model;

class UserModel extends Model
{
    protected $table = 'users';
    protected $primaryKey = 'id';
    
    protected $allowedFields = [
        'name', 'email', 'password'
    ];
    
    protected $validationRules = [
        'name' => 'required|min_length[3]',
        'email' => 'required|valid_email|is_unique[users.email]',
        'password' => 'required|min_length[6]'
    ];
    
    protected $validationMessages = [
        'email' => [
            'is_unique' => 'Email already exists.'
        ]
    ];
    
    // Custom method
    public function getUserByEmail($email)
    {
        return $this->where('email', $email)->first();
    }
    
    public function getActiveUsers()
    {
        return $this->where('status', 'active')->findAll();
    }
}
?>

3. View

File: app/Views/welcome_message.php

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title><?= esc($title) ?></title>
    <link href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/bootstrap@5.1.3/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" rel="stylesheet">
</head>
<body>
    <div class="container mt-5">
        <div class="row justify-content-center">
            <div class="col-md-8">
                <div class="card">
                    <div class="card-header">
                        <h1><?= esc($title) ?></h1>
                    </div>
                    <div class="card-body">
                        <p class="lead"><?= esc($message) ?></p>
                        
                        <?php if (isset($users)): ?>
                            <h3>Users List</h3>
                            <ul class="list-group">
                            <?php foreach ($users as $user): ?>
                                <li class="list-group-item">
                                    <strong><?= esc($user['name']) ?></strong> - 
                                    <?= esc($user['email']) ?>
                                </li>
                            <?php endforeach; ?>
                            </ul>
                        <?php endif; ?>
                    </div>
                </div>
            </div>
        </div>
    </div>
</body>
</html>

4. Routing

File: app/Config/Routes.php

<?php

use CodeIgniter\Router\RouteCollection;

/**
 * @var RouteCollection $routes
 */

// Default route
$routes->get('/', 'Home::index');

// Basic routes
$routes->get('/about', 'Home::about');
$routes->get('/contact', 'Home::contact');
$routes->get('/contact/(:any)', 'Home::contact/$1');

// Resource routes
$routes->resource('users');

// Group routes
$routes->group('admin', function($routes) {
    $routes->get('/', 'Admin::index');
    $routes->get('users', 'Admin::users');
    $routes->get('posts', 'Admin::posts');
});

// Route dengan filter
$routes->get('profile', 'User::profile', ['filter' => 'auth']);

?>

Database di CodeIgniter

1. Konfigurasi Database

File: app/Config/Database.php

<?php

namespace Config;

use CodeIgniter\Database\Config;

class Database extends Config
{
    public array $default = [
        'DSN'      => '',
        'hostname' => 'localhost',
        'username' => 'root',
        'password' => '',
        'database' => 'ci4_db',
        'DBDriver' => 'MySQLi',
        'DBPrefix' => '',
        'pConnect' => false,
        'DBDebug'  => true,
        'charset'  => 'utf8',
        'DBCollat' => 'utf8_general_ci',
        'swapPre'  => '',
        'encrypt'  => false,
        'compress' => false,
        'strictOn' => false,
        'failover' => [],
        'port'     => 3306,
    ];
}
?>

2. Query Builder

<?php

$db = \Config\Database::connect();

// SELECT
$query = $db->table('users')
            ->select('id, name, email')
            ->where('status', 'active')
            ->orderBy('name', 'ASC')
            ->limit(10)
            ->get();

$users = $query->getResultArray();

// INSERT
$data = [
    'name' => 'John Doe',
    'email' => 'john@example.com',
    'password' => password_hash('secret', PASSWORD_DEFAULT)
];

$db->table('users')->insert($data);

// UPDATE
$db->table('users')
   ->where('id', 1)
   ->update(['name' => 'John Smith']);

// DELETE
$db->table('users')
   ->where('id', 1)
   ->delete();

// JOIN
$query = $db->table('users u')
            ->join('profiles p', 'p.user_id = u.id')
            ->where('u.status', 'active')
            ->get();

?>

3. Migrations

# Buat migration
php spark make:migration CreateUsersTable

# Jalankan migration
php spark migrate

# Rollback migration
php spark migrate:rollback

File: app/Database/Migrations/2023-01-01-000001_CreateUsersTable.php

<?php

namespace App\Database\Migrations;

use CodeIgniter\Database\Migration;

class CreateUsersTable extends Migration
{
    public function up()
    {
        $this->forge->addField([
            'id' => [
                'type'           => 'INT',
                'constraint'     => 5,
                'unsigned'       => true,
                'auto_increment' => true,
            ],
            'name' => [
                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
                'constraint' => '100',
            ],
            'email' => [
                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
                'constraint' => '100',
                'unique'     => true,
            ],
            'password' => [
                'type'       => 'VARCHAR',
                'constraint' => '255',
            ],
            'created_at' => [
                'type' => 'DATETIME',
                'null' => true,
            ],
            'updated_at' => [
                'type' => 'DATETIME',
                'null' => true,
            ],
        ]);
        
        $this->forge->addPrimaryKey('id');
        $this->forge->createTable('users');
    }

    public function down()
    {
        $this->forge->dropTable('users');
    }
}
?>

Helpers dan Libraries

1. Built-in Helpers

<?php

// Load helpers
helper(['url', 'form', 'array']);

// URL Helper
echo base_url('assets/css/style.css');
echo site_url('users/profile');
echo current_url();
echo previous_url();

// Form Helper
echo form_open('users/create');
echo form_input('name', 'John Doe');
echo form_submit('submit', 'Save');
echo form_close();

// Array Helper
$array = ['a' => 1, 'b' => 2, 'c' => 3];
$value = dot_array_search('a', $array); // 1

// Text Helper
echo word_limiter('This is a long text', 3); // This is a...
echo character_limiter('Long text here', 10); // Long text...

// Date Helper
echo now(); // Current timestamp
echo date('Y-m-d H:i:s', now());

?>

2. Custom Helper

File: app/Helpers/my_helper.php

<?php

if (!function_exists('format_currency')) {
    function format_currency($amount)
    {
        return 'Rp ' . number_format($amount, 0, ',', '.');
    }
}

if (!function_exists('time_ago')) {
    function time_ago($datetime)
    {
        $time = time() - strtotime($datetime);
        
        if ($time < 60) return 'just now';
        if ($time < 3600) return floor($time/60) . ' minutes ago';
        if ($time < 86400) return floor($time/3600) . ' hours ago';
        return floor($time/86400) . ' days ago';
    }
}

if (!function_exists('generate_slug')) {
    function generate_slug($text)
    {
        $text = preg_replace('/[^A-Za-z0-9-]+/', '-', $text);
        return strtolower(trim($text, '-'));
    }
}

?>

3. Libraries

<?php

// Validation
$validation = \Config\Services::validation();

$validation->setRules([
    'name' => 'required|min_length[3]',
    'email' => 'required|valid_email',
    'password' => 'required|min_length[6]'
]);

if ($validation->run($data)) {
    // Valid
} else {
    // Show errors
    $errors = $validation->getErrors();
}

// Session
$session = \Config\Services::session();

$session->set('user_id', 123);
$userId = $session->get('user_id');
$session->setFlashdata('message', 'Data saved successfully!');

// Email
$email = \Config\Services::email();

$email->setTo('user@example.com');
$email->setFrom('admin@yoursite.com', 'Your Name');
$email->setSubject('Email Test');
$email->setMessage('Testing the email class.');

if ($email->send()) {
    echo 'Email sent successfully!';
} else {
    echo $email->printDebugger();
}

// Upload
$upload = \Config\Services::upload();

if ($upload->isValid('userfile') && !$upload->hasMoved()) {
    $newName = $upload->getRandomName();
    $upload->move(WRITEPATH . 'uploads', $newName);
}

?>

4. Filters

File: app/Filters/AuthFilter.php

<?php

namespace App\Filters;

use CodeIgniter\HTTP\RequestInterface;
use CodeIgniter\HTTP\ResponseInterface;
use CodeIgniter\Filters\FilterInterface;

class AuthFilter implements FilterInterface
{
    public function before(RequestInterface $request, $arguments = null)
    {
        $session = session();
        
        if (!$session->get('user_id')) {
            return redirect()->to('/login');
        }
    }

    public function after(RequestInterface $request, ResponseInterface $response, $arguments = null)
    {
        // Do something here
    }
}

?>

Tips dan Best Practices

✅ Do (Lakukan)

Gunakan model untuk semua operasi database
Validasi semua input user
Gunakan esc() untuk output ke view
Manfaatkan built-in helpers
Ikuti naming convention CodeIgniter
Gunakan environment untuk konfigurasi

❌ Don't (Jangan)

Jangan modifikasi file di folder system/
Jangan langsung echo data user tanpa escape
Jangan hardcode konfigurasi di controller
Jangan gunakan query raw tanpa alasan kuat
Jangan commit file .env ke repository
Jangan abaikan error handling

Laravel Dasar Symfony